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| Background: |
Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier parliamentary democracies. In recent years, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the advent of the euro in January 1999. Presently, France is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European defense and security apparatus.
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| Location: |
Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain
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| Geographic coordinates: |
46 00 N, 2 00 E
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| Area: |
total:
547,030 sq km
land:
545,630 sq km
water:
1,400 sq km
note:
includes only metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas administrative divisions
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| Area - comparative: |
slightly less than twice the size of Colorado
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| Land boundaries: |
total:
2,889 km
border countries:
Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km
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| Maritime claims: |
contiguous zone:
24 NM
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 NM (does not apply to the Mediterranean)
territorial sea:
12 NM
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| Climate: |
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
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| Terrain: |
mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east
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| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point:
Rhone River delta -2 m
highest point:
Mont Blanc 4,807 m
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| Natural resources: |
coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish
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| Land use: |
arable land:
33%
permanent crops:
2%
permanent pastures:
20%
forests and woodland:
27%
other:
18% (1993 est.)
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| Irrigated land: |
16,300 sq km (1995 est.)
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| Natural hazards: |
flooding; avalanches
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| Environment - current issues: |
some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff
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| Environment - international agreements: |
party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
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| Geography - note: |
largest West European nation
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| Population: |
59,551,227 (July 2001 est.)
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| Age structure: |
0-14 years:
18.68% (male 5,698,604; female 5,426,838)
15-64 years:
65.19% (male 19,424,018; female 19,399,588)
65 years and over:
16.13% (male 3,900,579; female 5,701,600) (2001 est.)
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| Population growth rate: |
0.37% (2001 est.)
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| Birth rate: |
12.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
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| Death rate: |
9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
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| Net migration rate: |
0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
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| Sex ratio: |
at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
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| Infant mortality rate: |
4.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
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| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population:
78.9 years
male:
75.01 years
female:
83.01 years (2001 est.)
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| Total fertility rate: |
1.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.44% (1999 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
130,000 (1999 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
2,000 (1999 est.)
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| Nationality: |
noun:
Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective:
French
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| Ethnic groups: |
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities
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| Religions: |
Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) 3%, unaffiliated 4%
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| Languages: |
French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
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| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99%
male:
99%
female:
99% (1980 est.)
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| Country name: |
conventional long form:
French Republic
conventional short form:
France
local long form:
Republique Francaise
local short form:
France
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| Government type: |
republic
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| Administrative divisions: |
22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes
note:
metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including the "territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and is subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the overseas territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
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| Dependent areas: |
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
note:
the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
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| Independence: |
486 (unified by Clovis)
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| National holiday: |
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
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| Constitution: |
28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993
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| Legal system: |
civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not legislative acts
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| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
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| Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government:
Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the suggestion of the prime minister
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results:
Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN (PS) 47.36%
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| Legislative branch: |
bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a single-member majoritarian system to serve five-year terms)
elections:
Senate - last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held September 2001); National Assembly - last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002)
election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 99, UDC 52, DL 47, PS 78, PCF 16, other 29; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 245, RPR 140, UDF 109, PCF 37, PRS 13, MEI 8, MDC 7, LDI-MPF 1, FN 1, various left 9, various right 7
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| Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the president of the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat
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| Political parties and leaders: |
Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; French Communist Party or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movement or MEI [Antoine WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal Democracy or DL (originally Republican Party or PR) [Alain MADELIN]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE]; Socialist Party or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition of UDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the Center or UDC [leader NA]
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| Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) or CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); independent labor union or Force Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.); independent white-collar union or Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais) or CNPF or Patronat; Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.)
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| International organization participation: |
ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, FZ, G- 5, G- 7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, InOC, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
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| Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Francois V. BUJON DE L'ESTANG
chancery:
4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 944-6000
FAX:
[1] (202) 944-6166
consulate(s) general:
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco
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| Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Howard H. LEACH
embassy:
2 Avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris
mailing address:
PSC 116, B210 APO AE 09777
telephone:
[33] (1) 43-12-22-22
FAX:
[33] (1) 42 66 97 83
consulate(s) general:
Marseille, Strasbourg
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| Flag description: |
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French dependent areas
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| Economy - overview: |
France is in the midst of transition, from an economy that featured extensive government ownership and intervention to one that relies more on market mechanisms. The government remains dominant in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries, but it has been relaxing its control since the mid-1980s. The Socialist-led government has sold off part of its holdings in France Telecom, Air France, Thales, Thomson Multimedia, and the European Aerospace and Defense Company (EADS). The telecommunications sector is gradually being opened to competition. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that reduce income disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and welfare. The government has done little to cut generous unemployment and retirement benefits which impose a heavy tax burden and discourage hiring. It has also shied from measures that would dramatically increase the use of
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| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $1.448 trillion (2000 est.)
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| GDP - real growth rate: |
3.1% (2000 est.)
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| GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $24,400 (2000 est.)
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| GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture:
3.3%
industry:
26.1%
services:
70.6% (1999)
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| Population below poverty line: |
NA%
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| Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
2.8%
highest 10%:
25.1% (1995)
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| Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
1.7% (2000 est.)
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| Labor force: |
25 million (2000)
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| Labor force - by occupation: |
services 71%, industry 25%, agriculture 4% (1997)
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| Unemployment rate: |
9.7% (2000 est.)
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| Budget: |
revenues:
$210 billion
expenditures:
$240 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
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| Industries: |
machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism
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| Industrial production growth rate: |
3.5% (2000 est.)
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| Electricity - production: |
497.26 billion kWh (1999)
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| Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel:
9.69%
hydro:
14.39%
nuclear:
75.43%
other:
0.49% (1999)
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| Electricity - consumption: |
398.752 billion kWh (1999)
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| Electricity - exports: |
68.7 billion kWh (1999)
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| Electricity - imports: |
5 billion kWh (1999)
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| Agriculture - products: |
wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish
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| Exports: |
$325 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
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| Exports - commodities: |
machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages
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| Exports - partners: |
EU 63% (Germany 16%, UK 10%, Spain 9%, Italy 9%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%), US 8% (1999)
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| Imports: |
$320 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
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| Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals
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| Imports - partners: |
EU 62% (Germany 16%, Belgium-Luxembourg 11%, Italy 9%, UK 8%), US 7% (2000 est.)
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| Debt - external: |
$106 billion (1998)
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| Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $6.3 billion (1997)
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| Currency: |
French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
note:
on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in France at a fixed rate of 6.55957 French francs per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
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| Exchange rates: |
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
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| Fiscal year: |
calendar year
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| Telephones - main lines in use: |
34.86 million (yearend 1998)
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| Telephones - mobile cellular: |
11.078 million (yearend 1998)
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| Telephone system: |
general assessment:
highly developed
domestic:
extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system
international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries
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| Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and includes many repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)
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| Radios: |
55.3 million (1997)
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| Television broadcast stations: |
584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)
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| Televisions: |
34.8 million (1997)
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| Internet country code: |
.fr
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| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
62 (2000)
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| Internet users: |
9 million (2000)
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| Railways: |
total:
31,939 km (31,939 km are operated by French National Railways (SNCF); 14,176 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132 km are double- or multiple-track)
standard gauge:
31,840 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge:
99 km 1.000-m gauge (1998)
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| Highways: |
total:
892,900 km
paved:
892,900 km (including 9,900 km of expressways)
unpaved:
0 km (1999)
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| Waterways: |
14,932 km (6,969 km heavily traveled)
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| Pipelines: |
crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km
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| Ports and harbors: |
Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint Nazaire, Saint Malo, Strasbourg
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| Merchant marine: |
total:
46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 942,333 GRT/1,304,754 DWT
ships by type:
bulk 3, cargo 4, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 1, container 1, liquefied gas 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 17, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 3
note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Germany 1 (2000 est.)
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| Airports: |
475 (2000 est.)
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| Airports - with paved runways: |
total:
268
over 3,047 m:
14
2,438 to 3,047 m:
30
1,524 to 2,437 m:
94
914 to 1,523 m:
72
under 914 m:
58 (2000 est.)
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| Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total:
207
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m:
73
under 914 m:
130 (2000 est.)
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| Military branches: |
Army (includes Marines), Navy (includes Naval Air), Air Force (includes Air Defense), National Gendarmerie
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| Military manpower - military age: |
18 years of age
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| Military manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
14,573,199 (2001 est.)
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| Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49:
12,127,793 (2001 est.)
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| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
390,064 (2001 est.)
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| Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$39.831 billion (FY97)
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| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2.5% (FY97)
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| Disputes - international: |
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu
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| Illicit drugs: |
transshipment point for and consumer of South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
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